Knowledge about sudden infant death syndrome prevention among postpartum women in Southern Brazil, 2019: a cross-sectional survey / Conocimiento sobre la prevención del síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante en puérperas del Sur de Brasil, 2019: un estudio transversal / Conhecimento sobre prevenção da síndrome da morte súbita do lactente entre puérperas no Sul do Brasil, 2019: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective To assess knowledge on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) prevention among postpartum women who received prenatal care in public and private services in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2019. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with postpartum women who gave birth in that municipality in 2019; the outcome was the indication of incorrect sleeping position (side/supine position) to prevent SIDS; the chi-square test was used to compare proportions between those who underwent prenatal care in public and private services. Results Among all 2,195 postpartum women, 67.7% (95%CI 65.7;69.6) were unaware of the position that prevents SIDS, 71.6% were public care service users; 77.8% of them feared choking/suffocation; 1.9% were informed about SIDS during prenatal care; doctors/nurses (70.5%) and grandmothers (65.1%) were influential regarding the baby's sleeping position. Conclusion Most postpartum women were unaware of the sleeping position that prevents SIDS, especially those receiving care in the public sector; in general, this subject is not discussed in prenatal care.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar el conocimiento sobre la prevención del síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante (SMSL) entre puérperas que realizaron prenatal en servicios públicos y privados en Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, en 2019. Métodos Estudio transversal, con puérperas que dieron a luz en Rio Grande, en 2019; el resultado consistió en la indicación de posición incorrecta para dormir (lado/supino) para prevenir el SMSL; utilizando chi-cuadrado, se compararon las proporciones entre mujeres que recibieron atención prenatal en servicios públicos y privados. Resultados Entre las 2.195 puérperas, 67,7% (IC95% 65,7;69,6) desconocían como se previene el SMSL, estando el 71,6%, en la red pública; 77,8% temía asfixiarse/ahogarse; el 1,9% fue informado sobre el SMSL durante el prenatal; los médicos(as)/enfermeros(as) (70,5%) y los abuelos (65,1%) influyeron en la posición para dormir del bebé. Conclusión La mayoría de las puérperas desconocían la posición que previene el SMSL, especialmente en la red pública; en general, este tema no está cubierto en la atención prenatal.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o conhecimento sobre prevenção da síndrome da morte súbita do lactente (SMSL) entre puérperas com pré-natal realizado nos serviços público e privado de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2019. Métodos Estudo transversal, com puérperas do município; seu desfecho constituiuse da indicação de posição incorreta para dormir (decúbito lateral ou dorsal), visando prevenir a SMSL; utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado para comparar proporções do desfecho e de exposição entre puérperas que realizaram pré-natal nos serviços público e privado. Resultados De 2.195 puérperas, 67,7% (IC95% 65,7;69,6), majoritariamente atendidas na rede pública (71,6%), desconheciam a posição preventiva da SMSL; 77,8% temiam engasgo/afogamento; 1,9% foram informadas sobre SMSL no pré-natal; médicos(as)/enfermeiros(as) (70,5%) e avós (65,1%) mostraram-se influentes na decisão sobre como posicionar o bebê adormecido. Conclusão A maioria das puérperas, especialmente as atendidas na rede pública, desconhecia a posição que previne SMSL; geralmente, o tema não é abordado no pré-natal.

Actualización de las recomendaciones sobre sueño seguroUpdate on safe sleep recommendatios

RESUMEN La muerte súbita de un lactante puede ser de causa explicada, indeterminada -si no se investigó en forma suficiente- o inexplicada -cuando una investigación completa no permite determinar su causa-. La muerte súbita inexplicada, o síndrome de muerte súbita infantil, afecta en particular a las poblaciones más vulnerables. La muerte de estos niños que nacen con alteraciones del neurodesarrollo es la parte visible de una problemática que se origina en el embarazo. Disminuir la cantidad de niños vulnerables depende de políticas de salud y, sobre todo, de lograr mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población. Son acciones a largo plazo. Conocer a fondo los factores de riesgo que pueden desencadenar la muerte inesperada es lo que se puede hacer ya. La actualización de las recomendaciones sobre sueño seguro refleja nuevos conocimientos basados en la evidencia científica y un enfoque integral de los aspectos socioculturales relacionados con esta problemática.

ABSTRACT Sudden unexpected infant death may be explained, cause by an etiology, unexplained but insufficiently investigated, or unexplained when a full investigation fails to determine the cause. Unexplained sudden death in infancy or sudden infant death syndrome particularly affects the most vulnerable populations. The death of these children who are born with alterations in their neurodevelopment is the visible part of a problem that originates in pregnancy. Reducing the number of vulnerable children depends on health policies and, above all, on improving the living conditions of the population. These are long-term actions. Knowing in depth the risk factors that can trigger unexpected death is what can be done now. The update of the recommendations on safe sleep reflects new knowledge based on scientific evidence and a comprehensive approach to the sociocultural aspects related to this problem.

Actualización de las recomendaciones sobre sueño seguro / Update on safe sleep recommendatios

La muerte súbita de un lactante puede ser de causa explicada, indeterminada ­si no se investigó en forma suficiente­ o inexplicada ­cuando una investigación completa no permite determinar su causa­. La muerte súbita inexplicada, o síndrome de muerte súbita infantil, afecta en particular a las poblaciones más vulnerables. La muerte de estos niños que nacen con alteraciones del neurodesarrollo es la parte visible de una problemática que se origina en el embarazo. Disminuir la cantidad de niños vulnerables depende de políticas de salud y, sobre todo, de lograr mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población. Son acciones a largo plazo. Conocer a fondo los factores de riesgo que pueden desencadenar la muerte inesperada es lo que se puede hacer ya. La actualización de las recomendaciones sobre sueño seguro refleja nuevos conocimientos basados en la evidencia científica y un enfoque integral de los aspectos socioculturales relacionados con esta problemática.

Sudden unexpected infant death may be explained, cause by an etiology, unexplained but insufficiently investigated, or unexplained when a full investigation fails to determine the cause. Unexplained sudden death in infancy or sudden infant death syndrome particularly affects the most vulnerable populations. The death of these children who are born with alterations in their neurodevelopment is the visible part of a problem that originates in pregnancy. Reducing the number of vulnerable children depends on health policies and, above all, on improving the living conditions of the population. These are long-term actions. Knowing in depth the risk factors that can trigger unexpected death is what can be done now. The update of the recommendations on safe sleep reflects new knowledge based on scientific evidence and a comprehensive approach to the sociocultural aspects related to this problem.

Challenges of Second-hand Smoke: Are We Asking the Right Questions?

Second-hand tobacco smoke as defined by WHO is the smoke emitted by a smoker or released from a burnt cigarette or any tobacco product. It is highly prevalent all over the globe but its serious health implications are often neglected by the public and the scientific community alike. Second-hand smoke has everlasting impact on all the body’s major organs, especially among the vulnerable population of children, pregnant ladies, people with chronic diseases and senior citizens. Although India started its war against this menace earlier than other counties, all its efforts remain bootless as its approach and implementation have a wide range of lacunae. This review aims to give a big picture of second-hand smoke, highlighting its pathophysiological changes in the body, socioeconomic impact, various strategies, and the gap that prevents these strategies from finding a favorable result in India. It becomes all the more important to reduce its impact owing to the increase in prevalence among youth reducing their vitality, derailing the society and the nation. It is recommended that the health authorities approach this health problem with utmost seriousness as a laid-back approach could welcome this silent killer’s known and unknown repercussions

Educação em saúde de pais e cuidadores para prevenção da síndrome da morte súbita em lactentes / Health education for parents and caregivers to prevent sudden infant death syndrome / Educación para la salud de padres y cuidadores para prevenir la muerte súbita del lactente

Objetivo: identificar publicações que abordam a educação em saúde relacionada à prevenção da Síndrome da Morte Súbita em Lactentes. Método: revisão integrativa realizada no PubMed, Portal Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Cochrane Reviews, Scientific Electronic Library Online e a Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Incluíram-se aquelas nas línguas inglesa, espanhola e portuguesa, sem recorte temporal, disponíveis gratuitamente, independentemente do delineamento. Excluíram-se duplicidades, literatura cinzenta, editoriais e cuja população eram prematuros. Resultados: identificou-se duas categorias de análise: temas para educação em saúde e barreiras e facilitadores de aderência às recomendações de prevenção. O profissional de saúde deve estimular as boas práticas de saúde, identificando barreiras e facilitadores para a adesão às recomendações. Conclusão: o profissional deve trazer a ideia de que todo bebê tem risco potencial para a síndrome da morte súbita e utilizar as estratégias disponíveis para tirá-lo da situação de vulnerabilidade.

Objectives: : to identify publications that address health education regarding the prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Method: integrative review carried out in PubMed, Portal Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Cochrane Reviews, Scientific Electronic Library Online and the Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Publications in english, spanish and portuguese were included, without time frame, available for free, that addressed health education on sudden infant death syndrome, regardless of design. Those whose population was premature, duplicity, gray literature and editorials were excluded. Results: two categories of analysis were identified, namely: topics of health education and barriers and facilitators of adherence to prevention recommendations. The health professional should encourage good health practices, identifying barriers and facilitators for adherence to recommendations. The approach must be done in a collaborative and in accessible language to facilitate communication and bonding between the parties. Conclusion: the professional must be sensitive to the idea that every baby may be at potential risk and, therefore, must use the tools and strategies available to take this individual out of a situation of vulnerability- if any.

Objetivos:identificar publicaciones que aborden la educación para la salud sobre la prevención del Síndrome de Muerte Súbita del Lactente. Método: revisión integrativa realizada en PubMed, Portal Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Cochrane Reviews, Scientific Electronic Library Online y lá Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Se incluyeron publicaciones en inglés, español y portugués, sin límite de tiempo, disponibles de forma gratuita, que abordarán la educación en salud sobre síndrome de muerte súbita del lactente, independientemente del diseño. Se excluyeron aquellos cuya población fue prematura, duplicidad, literatura gris y editoriales. Resultados:se identificaron dos categorías de análisis, a saber: temas de educación para la salud y barreras y facilitadores de la adhesión a las recomendaciones de prevención. El profesional de la salud debe incentivar las buenas prácticas de salud, identificando barreras y facilitadores para la adherencia a las recomendaciones. El acercamiento debe hacerse de forma colaborativa y en un lenguaje accesible para facilitar la comunicación y el vínculo entre las partes. Conclusión: el profesional debe ser sensible a la idea de que todo bebé puede estar en riesgo potencial y, por lo tanto, debe utilizar las herramientas y estrategias disponibles para sacar a ese individuo de una situación de vulnerabilidad, si la hay.

Chupete: más que un calmante / Pacifier: more than a sedative

El chupete es un dispositivo utilizado para calmar a los lactantes y niños pequeños; sin embargo, se lo asocia a efectos nocivos. Muchas veces en la consulta los cuidadores solicitan la opinión de los profesionales de la salud sobre su uso; por este motivo, decidimos realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica de la mejor evidencia disponible. En base a la información recabada y analizada, concluimos que la introducción precoz del chupete (antes de las dos semanas de vida) no afectaría el amamantamiento hasta los seis meses, y que en niños con lactancia materna bien establecida y madres motivadas para amamantar, no influye en el destete precoz. Además existe evidencia débil a favor del uso del chupete para reducir el riesgo del síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante, mientras que su uso durante la dentición primaria se asocia al desarrollo de mordida cruzada posterior. (AU)

The pacifier is a device used to soo the infants and young children; however, it is associated with harmful effects. Many times during consultation, caregivers ask for the opinion of health professionals about its use; for this reason, we decided to perform a literature search of the best available evidence. Based on the collected and analyzed information, we concluded that the early introduction of the pacifier (before two weeks of life) would not affect breastfeeding until six months of age, and that in children with well-established breastfeeding and mothers motivated to breastfeed, it does not influence early weaning. Furthermore, there is weak evidence in favor of pacifier use to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, while its use during primary dentition is associated with the development of posterior crossbite. (AU)

Malos hábitos de sueño en lactantes: factor de riesgo para síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante: estudio piloto / Bad sleeping habits in infants: risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome: pilot study

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Academia Americana de Pediatría recomienda que los lactantes menores de un año duerman en posición supina para prevenir el síndrome de muerte súbita en lactantes (SMSL). OBJETIVO: Describir la posición en que duermen un grupo de lactantes y factores de riesgo asociados al SMSL. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Estudio piloto, prospectivo concurrente, de lactantes < 45 días de vida en control sano en Centro Médico San Joaquín UC Christus. Criterios de exclusión: prematurez (edad gestacional < 37 semanas) y patología de base (respiratorias, metabólicas, cardiológicas). Se aplicó encuesta al cuidador principal respecto a datos demográficos y hábitos de sueño, basada en encuesta BISQ (Brief Screening Questionnaire for Infant Sleep Problems) validada en español, dado la inexistencia de instru mentos para < 3 meses. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo muestra de 100 lactantes de edad 16,78 ± 12,88 días de vida, siendo 57% mujeres. La madre fue el principal informante (84%). El 79% de los lactantes dor mían en decúbito supino, 19% lo hacía de lado y 2% en prono. El 66% dormía en cuna en habitación de los padres, 31% en la cama de los padres. El 74% se quedaban dormidos durante la alimentación. El 28% de los lactantes estaban expuestos a tabaquismo pasivo. El 91% cuidadores estaba informa do sobre la posición segura de sueño, siendo el principal informante el pediatra (54%). CONCLUSIONES: En esta muestra se encontró alto porcentaje de lactantes < 45 días que duermen en posición no segura, siendo frecuente el colecho. Es importante implementar campañas locales de prevención del SMSL que refuercen el hábito de dormir seguro.

INTRODUCTION: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends, through the implementation of the "Back to Sleep (BTS)" campaign, the supine sleeping position for infant sleeping since it prevents to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). OBJECTIVE: To describe the sleeping position of a group of infants and the risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Prospective pilot study, including infants < 45 days of life in well-child care visits at a medical center. Exclusion criteria: Preterm-born infant (gestational age < 37 weeks) and/or comorbidities (pulmonary, metabolic, cardiologic). A brief parental questionnaire was conducted regarding general demographic data and sleep habits. The questioner was based on the BISQ - Spanish version, due to the lack of validated instruments for infants < 3-month-old. RESULTS: We included a sample of 100 infants between 16.78 ± 12.88 days old (57% girls). Mothers were the main information source (84%). 79% of the infants slept in supine position, 19% slept on their sides, and 2% in prone position. Regarding the place where the infants slept, 66% did in their crib in the parents' room and 31% slept in parents' bed. 74% of infants fell asleep while being fed. 28% of infants were exposed to passive smoking at home. 91% of parents were informed about safe sleep positions, reporting that pediatricians were the main source of information (54%). CONCLUSION: We found a high percentage of infants < 45 days of life who slept in an unsafe position, and frequently co-sleep with their parents. Thus, it is important to implement local SIDS prevention campaigns to reinforce safe infant sleep.

Risk and protective factors for sudden infant death syndrome / Factores de riesgo y de protección para la síndrome de la muerte súbita del lactante / Fatores de risco e de proteção para a síndrome da morte súbita do lactente

ABSTRACT Objectives: To verify the occurrence of the risk and protective factors for sudden infant death syndrome during nursing consultation. Methods: Retrospective cohort study conducted based on medical records from a primary care unit in the municipality of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 63 infants assisted from January to December 2016. Results: The average age of infants was 3.2 months. The main risk factors identified were the presence of soft objects in the crib (93.6%) and bed sharing (58.7%). Predominant protective factors were breastfeeding (95.2%) followed by updated immunization (90.5%). Conclusions: Risk and protective factors for sudden infant death syndrome were identified in the study sample, indicating the importance of addressing the issue with families of children under 1 year of age to prevent the occurrence of such events.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Verificar la ocurrencia de factores de riesgo y de protección para la síndrome de la muerte súbita del lactante durante consulta de enfermería. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo conducido a partir de registros en prontuario de salud de servicio de atención primaria del municipio de São Paulo. La muestra ha sido compuesta por 63 lactantes atendidos en el período de enero a diciembre de 2016. Resultados: La media de edad de los lactantes ha sido de 3,2 meses. Los principales factores de riesgo identificados han sido la presencia de objetos blandos/suaves en la cuna (93,6%) y el compartir de lecho (58,7%). Factores de protección predominantes han sido: amamantamiento materno (95,2%) seguido de inmunización actualizada (90,5%). Conclusiones: Han sido identificados factores de riesgo y de protección para la síndrome de la muerte súbita del lactante en la muestra estudiada, indicando la importancia del abordaje de la temática junto a las familias de niños menores de 1 año, para prevención de la ocurrencia de tales eventos.

RESUMO Objetivos: Verificar a ocorrência de fatores de risco e de proteção para a síndrome da morte súbita do lactente durante consulta de enfermagem. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo conduzido a partir de registros em prontuário de saúde de serviço de atenção primária do município de São Paulo. Amostra foi composta por 63 lactentes atendidos no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2016. Resultados: A média de idade dos lactentes foi de 3,2 meses. Os principais fatores de risco identificados foram presença de objetos macios no berço (93,6%) e o compartilhamento de leito (58,7%). Fatores de proteção predominantes foram: aleitamento materno (95,2%) seguido de imunização atualizada (90,5%). Conclusões: Foram identificados fatores de risco e de proteção para a síndrome da morte súbita do lactente na amostra estudada, indicando a importância da abordagem da temática junto às famílias de crianças menores de 1 ano, para prevenção da ocorrência de tais eventos.

Risk and protective factors for sudden infant death syndrome / Factores de riesgo y de protección para la síndrome de la muerte súbita del lactante / Fatores de risco e de proteção para a síndrome da morte súbita do lactente

ABSTRACT Objectives: To verify the occurrence of the risk and protective factors for sudden infant death syndrome during nursing consultation. Methods: Retrospective cohort study conducted based on medical records from a primary care unit in the municipality of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 63 infants assisted from January to December 2016. Results: The average age of infants was 3.2 months. The main risk factors identified were the presence of soft objects in the crib (93.6%) and bed sharing (58.7%). Predominant protective factors were breastfeeding (95.2%) followed by updated immunization (90.5%). Conclusions: Risk and protective factors for sudden infant death syndrome were identified in the study sample, indicating the importance of addressing the issue with families of children under 1 year of age to prevent the occurrence of such events.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Verificar la ocurrencia de factores de riesgo y de protección para la síndrome de la muerte súbita del lactante durante consulta de enfermería. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo conducido a partir de registros en prontuario de salud de servicio de atención primaria del municipio de São Paulo. La muestra ha sido compuesta por 63 lactantes atendidos en el período de enero a diciembre de 2016. Resultados: La media de edad de los lactantes ha sido de 3,2 meses. Los principales factores de riesgo identificados han sido la presencia de objetos blandos/suaves en la cuna (93,6%) y el compartir de lecho (58,7%). Factores de protección predominantes han sido: amamantamiento materno (95,2%) seguido de inmunización actualizada (90,5%). Conclusiones: Han sido identificados factores de riesgo y de protección para la síndrome de la muerte súbita del lactante en la muestra estudiada, indicando la importancia del abordaje de la temática junto a las familias de niños menores de 1 año, para prevención de la ocurrencia de tales eventos.

RESUMO Objetivos: Verificar a ocorrência de fatores de risco e de proteção para a síndrome da morte súbita do lactente durante consulta de enfermagem. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo conduzido a partir de registros em prontuário de saúde de serviço de atenção primária do município de São Paulo. Amostra foi composta por 63 lactentes atendidos no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2016. Resultados: A média de idade dos lactentes foi de 3,2 meses. Os principais fatores de risco identificados foram presença de objetos macios no berço (93,6%) e o compartilhamento de leito (58,7%). Fatores de proteção predominantes foram: aleitamento materno (95,2%) seguido de imunização atualizada (90,5%). Conclusões: Foram identificados fatores de risco e de proteção para a síndrome da morte súbita do lactente na amostra estudada, indicando a importância da abordagem da temática junto às famílias de crianças menores de 1 ano, para prevenção da ocorrência de tais eventos.

Sudden death due to mitochondrial diseases / 中国实用儿科杂志

Sudden unexpected death means a "healthy" person died suddenly of unknown diseases,usually within 6 hours after onset. It is reported that sudden unexpected death occurred from neonates(sudden infant death syndrome)to adults(sudden adult death syndrome). The patients suddenly died during daily activities,sleep or exercise. Underlying genetic diseases are main cause of sudden death. The etiological studies are performed in the patients of sudden death. Heart attack and encephalopathy due to varied genetic disorders are the two major causes. Sudden cardiac death accounts for more than half. It is known that some inherited metabolic diseases associated with sudden death sometimes. Mitochondrial diseases are a group of inherited metabolic diseases. Some patients of mitochondrial diseases suddenly died of acute heart failure,malignant arrhythmia or encephalopathy. With the advancement of genetic technology,post-mortem genetic diagnosis became available in some cases. The definite genetic diagnosis is the key for the genetic counseling of the families and prenatal diagnosis of their fetuses.

Síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante / Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Resumen El síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante es la principal causa de muerte infantil post neonatal en los países desarrollados. El mismo se caracteriza por una muerte repentina e inexplicable de un infante menor a un año. La compleja interacción de múltiples factores en su patogénesis se ilustra con la teoría del triple riesgo, la cual involucra un infante vulnerable en un periodo crítico de su desarrollo ante un factor de riesgo externo. Por medio de educación a los cuidadores y padres se ha documentado una disminución importante en su incidencia, aunque la misma continúa siendo muy alta.

Abstract Sudden infant death syndrome is the leading cause of post neonatal infant death in the developed countries. It is characterized for the sudden and unexplained death of an infant younger than one year old. The interaction of multiple factors in its pathogenesis is illustrated by the triple risk theory, which involves a vulnerable infant at a critical moment of its development facing an external risk factor. Through education to caregivers and parents a drop in incidence has been documented, although it is still very high.

Intenção das mães em colocar o bebê para dormir em decúbito dorsal: um estudo de base populacional / Identifying mothers' intention to place infant in supine sleep position: a population-based study

Resumo Este estudo teve por objetivo conhecer a opinião das mães e identificar os fatores associados à intenção de colocar o bebê para dormir em decúbito dorsal em Rio Grande, RS. Foi aplicado questionário padronizado a todas as mães que tiveram filho nas duas únicas maternidades, entre 01/01 a 31/12/2010, e que residiam neste município. Utilizou-se teste do qui-quadrado para comparar proporções e regressão de Poisson, com ajuste robusto da variância na análise multivariável. A medida de efeito utilizada foi razão de prevalências (RP). Dentre as 2.395 (97,2% do total) mães entrevistadas, 20,5% (IC95%: 18,4%-21,6%) manifestaram intenção de colocar o bebê para dormir de barriga para cima. Esta intenção variou de 11% (IC95%: 8,1-13,7), entre mães com três ou mais filhos, a 35% (IC95% 31,1-40,2), entre aquelas com 12 anos ou mais de escolaridade. Após analise ajustada, mães de menor idade, de maior escolaridade e renda familiar, que realizaram pré-natal na rede privada, ou que tiveram três ou mais filhos, apresentaram RP significativamente maior para colocar o bebê para dormir de barriga para cima, em relação às demais. Campanhas de incentivo a esta prática devem priorizar mães de pior nível socioeconômico, de maior idade e que realizam pré-natal em unidades básicas de saúde.

Abstract This study aimed to identify mother's opinion on infant sleep position and the factors associated with the intention to place the infant in the supine position in the municipality of Rio Grande, Southern Brazil. A standardized questionnaire was applied to all mothers residing in this municipality who gave birth to a child in the only two local maternity wards from January 1 to December 31, 2010. Chi-square test was used to compare proportions, along with a Poisson regression with robust adjustment in the multivariate analysis. The effect measure used was prevalence ratio (PR). Of the 2,395 mothers interviewed (972% of the total), 20.5% (95%CI: 18.4%-21.6%) intended to place the newborn to sleep in the supine position. This prevalence varied from 11% (95%CI: 8.1-13.7) for mothers with three or more children to 35% (CI95%: 31.1-40.2) among those with 12 or more years of schooling. After adjusted analysis, younger mothers with higher education and household income who performed prenatal care in the private system or who have had three or more children had significantly higher PR to place the baby to sleep in the supine position compared to others. Campaigns encouraging this practice should focus primarily on older mothers of lower socioeconomic level and performing prenatal care in PHC facilities.

Retrospective Genetic Analysis of 200 Cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Its Relationship with Long QT Syndrome in Korea

BACKGROUND: There has been a campaign by the National Education on Sleeping Habits and Living Environment, to reduce the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). However, more than 100 infants die suddenly and unexplainably before the age of 1 year in Korea. Long QT syndrome (LQTS), an inheritable cardiac disease, has been reported to likely be associated with up to 14% of SIDS cases. However, genetic studies of the association between SIDS and LQTS have not yet been conducted in Korea. METHODS: We conducted genetic analysis using genomic DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from 200 SIDS cases autopsied between 2005 and 2013. We analyzed the following genetic mutations associated with LQTS, KCNQ1, SCN5A, KCNE1, KCNE2, KCNJ2, and CAV3. RESULTS: Of the 200 SIDS cases, 58% involved male infants (116 male and 84 female infants, respectively), the mean age was 140 days (median, 107 days; range, 24–270 days), and they were all of Asian-Korean ethnicity. SIDS IA category criteria comprised 45 cases (22.5%) while the rest were SIDS IB. Fifteen infants (7.5%) had R1193Q in SCN5A, of doubtful pathogenicity, and no pathogenic LQTS variants were observed. CONCLUSION: This genetic investigation of LQTS in SIDS showed a low diagnostic yield. These findings suggest that LQTS molecular autopsy could be cautiously conducted in selected cases with family involvement to improve the available genetic counseling information. Meanwhile, a national SIDS registry should be established to document and evaluate the genetic risk of SIDS in Korea.

Muerte inesperada del lactante: Análisis de 591 casos / Sudden infant death: 591 cases analysis

Antecedentes: la muerte inesperada del lactante (MIL) sin asistencia, ya sea en domicilio o a su arribo al hospital conlleva a un impedimento en la firma del certificado de defunción y al necesario peritaje forense a los efectos de descartar las causas no naturales. Conocer la causa de muerte es de suma importancia no sólo para las autoridades sanitarias sino para los Pediatras a afectos actuar sobre los factores implicados. Objetivos: el objetivo de esta revisión es analizar las patologías encontradas y las circunstancias que rodearon a la muerte en los casos MIL, a los efectos de identificar factores de riesgo. Métodos: se incluyeron en este estudio 591 menores de un año fallecidos en forma súbita e inesperada, en domicilio o a su arribo a un centro asistencial, ingresados al Programa MIL, entre octubre de 1998 y diciembre de 2015, con intervalo libre 2002-2006. No todos los fallecidos en dicho período en iguales circunstancias fueron enviados para su estudio. Se reunió historia clínica, circunstancias de la muerte y la familia fue entrevistada. Los casos fueron analizados por el grupo interdisciplinario. Se clasificó como: Muerte Explicable cuando se encuentra una causa y Muerte Indeterminada cuando no se encuentra una causa. Estas últimas están constituidas por Síndrome de Muerte Súbita del Lactante (SMSL) y las Zonas Grises (ZG). Se agruparon como ZG aquellos casos en los que no había una causa que con certeza explicara la muerte, pero había factores predisponentes que pudieron causarla o favorecerla. Estas ZG fueron distribuidas en 6 categorías. Para clasificar como SMSL el grupo exige la ausencia de colecho, de decúbito prono, de almohada y de otros entornos factibles de causar sofocación. Resultados: se estudiaron 591 casos. Se identificó una causa de muerte en 339 casos (57.4%). En 252 la muerte fue indeterminada (42.6%). Se encontró infección respiratoria en 29% de los casos (50% de las muertes explicables); anomalía cardíaca en 15%; diarrea con deshidratación en 4.5%; sofocación accidental en 3%; se identificó una causa violenta en 1.5%. Hubo variación entre los dos períodos (1998-2001 y 2007-2015). De los casos indeterminados, 242 correspondieron ZG y 10 a SMSL. En 91% de las ZG menores de 4 meses de edad que tienen el dato evaluable, hubo un entorno de sueño inseguro. El colecho se observó en 72%, principalmente múltiple o asociado a decúbito prono u otros factores de riesgo. En neonatos, el 81% de las ZG evaluables, tuvo un factor de riesgo asociado a las condiciones de sueño. Conclusiones: se identificaron patologías sobre las que es posible actuar desde la prevención (infecciones respiratorias, diagnóstico prenatal de cardiopatías). En los casos indeterminados, se identificaron factores de riesgo modificables desde el primer nivel de atención con la implementación de campañas educativas y recomendaciones sobre sueño seguro dirigidas a la comunidad.

Background: sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) carries an impediment to sign the death certificate. A legal autopsy is mandatory to exclude unnatural death. To know the cause of death in infancy is relevant to health authorities and paediatrics. Objectives: to investigate the pathologies and risk factors in the cases of SUDI studied. Methods: autopsies between October 1998 and December 2015 were analysed. There was a free interval (2002 to 2006). It does not include every case of SUDI in the local population. The clinical records were gathered, the circumstances of death investigated and the family was interviewed. The cases were discussed in a multidisciplinary team. The cases were classified as Explained Death or Undetermined. The undetermined deaths were classified either as Gray Zone (GZ) or SIDS cases. Six categories were considered in GZ. To consider a case as SIDS, a safe sleep environment is required; that means no co-sleeping, no prone sleeping and no pillows use that could eventually cause suffocation. Cases were coded as GZ when a clear cause of death was not identified, but abnormalities were found that could have predisposed or contributed to death. GZ were divided in 6 categories. Results: 591 cases were examined. A cause of death was identified in 339 cases (57.4%). In 252 cases, it was undetermined (42.6%). A respiratory infection was found in 29% of the autopsies (50% of the explained deaths). A cardiac anomaly was found in 15%; dehydration secondary to diarrhoea in 4.5%; suffocation in 3%; a violent cause was identified in 1.5%. There were variations between both periods (1998-2001 and 2007-2015). 252 deaths remained unexplained after the autopsy (42.6%), these were the undetermined cases. 242 were classified as Gray Zone (GZ) and 10 as SIDS cases. 91% of the evaluable GZ cases <4 months old had an unsafe sleeping environment. Co-sleeping was observed in 72% of the evaluable <4 month cases; it was mainly multiple or associated with prone sleeping position. In newborns, 81% of the evaluable ZG cases had a sleep related risk factor. Conclusions: The study improved allowed to identify pathologies amenable to intervention and prevention (respiratory infections, prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease). Sleep related risk factors were identified, amenable to prevention through community education programs.

Síndrome infantil de muerte súbita: el riesgo que afrontan los lactantes en Bogotá, D.C., Colombia / Sudden infant death syndrome: The risk of infants in Bogotá, Colombia

Resumen Introducción. El síndrome infantil de muerte súbita (SIMS) tiene factores de riesgo y estrategias de prevención que los profesionales de la salud y la población en general desconocen. Objetivo. Realizar un diagnóstico de los conocimientos sobre SIMS en Bogotá, D.C. a partir de la información obtenida de encuestas aplicadas en el 2010 a padres y cuidadores de menores de un año. Materiales y métodos. Se entrevistaron 1 101 cuidadores de lactantes de diferentes estratos socioeconómicos. Los resultados se compararon por estrato y se realizó un análisis estadístico. Resultados. Se evidenciaron conductas que ponen en riesgo de SIMS a los lactantes en Bogotá, D.C. El 2.1% de las madres confesaron fumar durante el embarazo, encontrándose mayor incidencia en los estratos socioeconómicos bajos (12.53%) que en los altos (3.10%). Del 77% que recibieron recomendaciones sobre la posición al dormir, el 8% reconocieron la importancia de esta para prevenir el SIMS. El 63% de los bebés fueron acostados en una posición de riesgo para este síndrome. Conclusiones. Se demuestra el riesgo al que los bebés están expuestos debido a prácticas erróneas que se asocian con el conocimiento de sus cuidadores y las recomendaciones que estos reciben, incluso, de profesionales de la salud. Asimismo, se concluye que el riesgo aumenta en la población más pobre.

Abstract Introduction: The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is related to risk factors and prevention strategies that are unknown to health professionals and the general population. Objective: To determine the knowledge on SIDS in Bogotá based on the information obtained through surveys conducted in 2010 to parents and caregivers of infants under one year of age. Materials and methods: 1 101 caregivers of infants from different socioeconomic levels were evaluated through surveys. The results were compared by socioeconomic stratum, and a statistical analysis was performed. Results: This study found some behaviors that increase the risk of SIDS in infants; for example, 2.1% of the interviewed mothers reported tobacco consumption during pregnancy, with greater involvement in lower socioeconomic strata (12.53%) compared to higher strata (3.10%). Out of 77% of participants who were given recommendations on sleeping positions for infants, 8% recognized that this fact is highly relevant to prevent SIDS. It was found that 63% of infants sleep in positions considered as risk factors for SIDS. Conclusions: The results reflect the risk to which infants are exposed because of wrong practices associated with poor knowledge, and recommendations given, in many cases, by health professionals. Likewise, risk is higher among the poorest population.

Impacto de una intervención educativa para mejorar la adherencia a las recomendaciones sobre sueño seguro del lactante / Impact of an educational intervention to improve adherence to the recommendations on safe infant sleep

Introducción. Las campanas públicas en países desarrollados con recomendaciones para el sueño seguro del lactante lograron aumentar la adherencia a la posición supina para dormir a más del 70% y generaron, simultáneamente, una reducción del 53% en la incidencia del síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante. Objetivo. Valorar el impacto a los 60 días de vida de una intervención educativa realizada en las maternidades para mejorar la adherencia a las recomendaciones sobre sueño seguro del lactante. Población, material y métodos. Estudio de intervención con control histórico entre el 1/2 y el 30/9 de 2014, realizado en la Maternidad Meisner y el Hospital Universitario Austral. Dicha intervención se denominó "tapeta cuna" y consistió en capacitar al equipo de salud y brindar información a las familias sobre sueño seguro a través de clases, adhesivos en las cunas y material escrito. Resultados. Fueron incluidos 550recién nacidos. Se observó un incremento del 35% en la posición supina al dormir tras la intervención (p < 0,0001); la lactancia materna exclusiva se incrementó un 11% (p= 0,01); se redujo el colecho de un 31% a un 18% (p < 0,0005). No se encontraron diferencias en la cohabitación, entre convivientes fumadores ni en la utilización del chupete a los 60 días. Conclusiones. La intervención educativa resultó útil para mejorar la adherencia a las recomendaciones sobre sueño seguro a los 60 días de vida: se evidenció una mejora en la posición supina, la lactancia materna y la reducción del colecho. No existieron cambios en la proporción de convivientes fumadores, la cohabitación y el uso del chupete.

Introduction. In developed countries, public campaigns promoting recommendations on safe infant sleep increased adherence to the supine sleeping position to more than 70% and, at the same time, reduced the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome by 53%. Objective. To determine the impact, at 60 days of life, of an educational intervention conducted in maternity centers aimed at improving adherence to the recommendations on safe infant sleep. Population, material and methods. Intervention study with historical control conducted between February 1st and September 30th of 2014 at the Maternity Center of Hospital Meisner and Hospital Universitario Austral. The intervention was called "crib card" and consisted in training health care team members and providing families with information on safe infant sleep by means of lessons, written material and using stickers on cribs. Results. Five hundred and fifty newborn infants were included. After the intervention, a 35% increase in the supine sleeping position (p < 0.0001) was observed; exclusive breastfeeding increased by 11% (p= 0.01); and co-sleeping decreased from 31% to 18% (p < 0.0005). No differences were observed in relation to bedroom sharing, living with tobacco users, or pacifier use at 60 days of life. Conclusions. The educational intervention was useful to improve adherence to the recommendations on safe sleep at 60 days of life: using the supine position and breastfeeding improved, and the rate of co-sleeping decreased. No changes were observed in the number of household members who smoke, bedroom sharing, and pacifier use.

Muerte súbita del lactante / Sudden infant death

El síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante (SMSL) consiste en la muerte inesperada de un infante menor de un año, la cual no puede ser explicada posterior a las investigaciones del caso, tales como: la anamnesis, la escena de la muerte, y la autopsia. La relevancia de este padecimiento radica en que es un fenómeno presente a nivel mundial, y es la principal causa de muerte en lactantes de 1 a 12 meses de vida. Debido a la importancia del tema, la presente investigación pretende realizar un acercamiento bibliográfico, que aborda terminología especializada; estudios de epidemiologia a nivel mundial; diversos factores de riesgo y su prevención; además del algoritmo de manejo de SMSL basado en las guías españolas de pediatría y las guías de SMSL de Massachusetts.Cabe destacar que el diagnóstico de esta muerte es de exclusión y requiere una investigación exhaustiva para poder dilucidar sus causas. Así mismo, el SMSL ha sido asociado a diferentes factores de riesgo que pueden desencadenar este evento en niños con susceptibilidad genética o adquirida, los cuales en la mayoría de los casos pueden modificarse y prevenirse educando a los padres, y a los proveedores de la salud. Debido a que el médico general, y el pediatra son los primeros profesionales en abordar al lactante y a sus familiares, es imperativo que ambos tengan conocimiento del tema en cuestión, no solo para la prevención de estos casos, sinopara el abordaje correcto en el caso que se presente una muerte súbita infantil.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is defined as the sudden death of an infant less than 1 year of age that cannot be explained after a thorough investigation is conducted, including the review of the clinical history, the examination of the death scene, and an autopsy. This condition is relevant because is a worldwide phenomenon, and it is the leading cause of death in infants between 1 to 12 months. Due to the importance of this subject, this research tries to make a bibliographic review that includes specialized terminology, worldwide epidemiology studies, risk factors, how to prevent it; and the approach, based on the Spanish and Massachusetts guidelines.The diagnosis of SIDS is based in the exclusion of causes, and requires a thorough investigation to elucidate them. Also, SIDS has been associated with different risk factors that can trigger this event in children with genetic or acquired susceptibility, which in most cases can be modified and prevented by educating the parents and the health care providers. Because the physician and the pediatrician are the first professionals to have contact with the infant and their families, it is imperative that both have knowledge of this subject, not only for the prevention of such cases, but for the correct approach in these cases.

Síndrome da Morte Súbita Infantil em Pelotas de 2006 a 2013: uma análise descritiva / Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Pelotas from 2006 to 2013: a descriptive analysis

Introdução e objetivo: A Síndrome da Morte Súbita Infantil (SMSI) ocupa a oitava posição entre as causas de anos potenciais de vida perdidos e as primeiras posições como causa de mortalidade infantil pós-neonatal em países desenvolvidos. O presente estudo objetiva conhecer as características socioepidemiológicas das crianças que foram a óbito por SMSI no município de Pelotas. Métodos: Estudo observacional, retrospectivo, descritivo baseado nos dados da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, coletados através da aplicação de Fichas de Investigação de óbitos padronizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde de todos os casos de SMSI que ocorreram do ano de 2006 a 2013 em Pelotas/RS. Resultados: Houve 37 óbitos registrados no período, o que representa um coefi ciente de mortalidade por SMSI de 1,5 por mil. A média de idade materna foi de 23,5 anos (dp=5,2), 29 (78%) eram fumantes e 23 (62%) concederam aleitamento materno exclusivo até a data do óbito, 28 (76%) tiverem seus bebês nascidos a termo. Dentre os 37 casos, 16 (43%) vieram a falecer com menos de 1 mês de vida, 26 (70%) dormiam junto aos pais e 23 (61%) em decúbito lateral, enquanto que apenas 2 (5%) em decúbito ventral e 16 (43%) dos casos de SMSI ocorreram durante o inverno. Conclusão: O presente estudo é o único que abrange tamanha amostra (37 casos) de SMSI na cidade de Pelotas, a qual apresenta um coefi ciente de mortalidade por essa patologia semelhante aos mais altos encontrados na literatura. Portanto, políticas públicas que visem à prevenção de SMSI em Pelotas são necessárias.

Introduction and aim: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) ranks eighth among the causes of potential years of life lost and is among the leading causes of post-neonatal infant mortality in developed countries. This study aimed to evaluate the social and epidemiological characteristics of children who died of SIDS in the city of Pelotas. Methods: An observational, retrospective, and descriptive study based on Municipal Health Department data collected by applying Research Sheets standardized by the Ministry of Health to all cases of SIDS occurring from 2006 to 2013 in Pelotas, South Brazil. Results: A total of 37 deaths were recorded in the studied period, placing the SIDS mortality rate at 1.5 per thousand. The mean maternal age was 23.5 years (SD = 5.2), 29 (78%) were smokers, 23 (62%) granted exclusive breastfeeding until the date of death, 28 (76%) had term infants. From the 37 cases, 16 (43%) died under 1 month of age, 26 (70%) were sleeping with their parents, and 23 (61%) in the lateral position, while only 2 (5%) in the prone position, and 16 cases (43%) of SIDS occurred during the winter. Conclusion: This study is the only one that covers such sample (37 cases) of SIDS in the city of Pelotas, whose mortality rate from this disorder is close to the highest in the literature. Therefore, public policies for the prevention of SIDS in Pelotas are required.